india ink tattoo for radiation treatments

A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test. Information about the types of tumor sites, tattooing sites, and biopsies were obtained retrospectively from medical charts, endoscopy and pathology reports, and operation videos. The ICG was injected at 2 opposite sites (180 degrees apart) or 3 circumferential sites 120 degrees apart and distal to the neoplasm or previous endoscopic mucosal resection site. The syringe was replaced by the first syringe containing saline, and 1 mL of saline was injected to flush out the ICG remaining in the needle device. With a second syringe and needle, 1 to 1.5 mL of ICG was injected. With a 23-gauge injection needle (Optimos Injector, Taewoong Medical Co., Ltd., Gimpo, Korea), 1 mL of saline was injected into the submucosal layer to form proper submucosal elevation. The saline test injection method was used to inject tattooing agents into the submucosal layer of the colon. For these reasons, we evaluated the usefulness of preoperative colonoscopic tattooing using the saline test injection method with ICG for colorectal lesion localization in laparoscopic surgery. Furthermore, a saline test injection method involving injection of tattooing agents combined with prior and subsequent injections of saline into the submucosal layer has been found to result in better diagnostic accuracy and safety than are achieved with conventional methods. Although adverse reactions to ICG are known to occur, this dye has been used safely for more than 50 years in tests of cardiac and hepatic function, and more recently for sentinel node detection in cancer surgery. Indocyanine green (ICG) has been described in some reports of animal models as an alternative candidate to India ink. However, India ink is currently not available in Korea because it has not yet been approved by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in Korea. India ink tattoos properly placed in the colorectum are long-lasting and are reported to remain constant therefore, they are being commonly used for colonic tattooing. Įndoscopic tattooing of colonic lesions to assist in operative localization was first described in 1975. Each of these methods has drawbacks including, respectively, inaccurate localization, use of radiation, migration and poor cost performance of clips, and colonic insufflations. For that reason, several methods, including barium enema, preoperative colonoscopy combined with fluoroscopy, placement of mucosal clips, and intraoperative colonoscopy, have been used to localize colorectal tumors during laparoscopic surgery. The lack of accurate lesion identification during laparoscopy may lead to resection of the wrong segment of the bowel. Therefore, accurate localization of colorectal tumors remains of critical importance during laparoscopic surgery. Intraoperative identification of lesions previously detected by endoscopy is often particularly difficult during laparoscopic surgery because of the inability of surgeons to palpate the colorectum intraoperatively. Minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery for patients with colorectal cancer has become a popular alternative to conventional surgery due to its having comparable survival and recurrence rates. - Copyright transfer agreement and conflict of interest disclosure.- Instructions for uploading manuscripts.

India ink tattoo for radiation treatments